The Underground Railroad :: essays research papers

The Underground Railroad One of the most dishonorable periods in history was the organization of subjection in the nineteenth century 2. Subjugation was a partitioned issue in the 1800’s. Most slaves brought to America were known as low class individuals who could bring nothing but bad, yet history neglects to express that a significant number of the slaves who came were individuals of numerous exchanges, desire, just as conclusions. The Underground Railroad had its soonest beginnings with rampant slaves escaping from the Southern United States into Canada. By standing up to human servitude without direct requests or brutality, the Underground Railroad assumed a positive job in the pulverization of subjugation. The Underground Railroad was a term used to portray a system of individuals who aided got away from slaves on their approach to opportunity. As far as anyone knows, the term Underground Railroad started when an oppressed runaway, Tice Davids, fled from Kentucky and may have taken shelter with John Rankin, a White abolitionist, in Ripley, Ohio. Resolved to recover his property, the proprietor pursued Davids to the Ohio River, however Davids out of nowhere vanished suddenly and completely, leaving his proprietor confounded and thinking about whether the slave had "gone off on some underground road." The Railroad was started because of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 2. The Fugitive Slave Act requested that if a got away from slave was located, the individual must be turned in and sent back to the legitimate proprietor 2. The Nation became separated on the bondage question. The Fugitive Slave Law required the arrival of reinforced and contracted wanderers, just as liber ated African Americans. This undermined the insurance of the liberated slaves. Numerous North American obligated slaves were liberated after they had served their time following five to seven years 6. Most wanderers were guys, anyway ladies and youngsters escaped. Their numbers were littler on the grounds that they were bound to be caught. However, The Underground Railroad turned into the most sensational dissent activity against subjection in United States history 2. The Railroad helped got away from slaves advance from the Southern states through the northern states, into opportunity. The Underground Railroad was working in America, yet it was anything but a railroad and was not underground. This â€Å"railroad† was for blacks getting away from servitude in the South. They were running away to the free North, and to Canada where there was no bondage by any stretch of the imagination. The Underground Railroad needed proper association, depending on people or different gather ings. The Underground Railroad :: papers research papers The Underground Railroad One of the most disgraceful periods in history was the foundation of subjugation in the nineteenth century 2. Bondage was a partitioned issue in the 1800’s. Most slaves brought to America were known as low class individuals who could bring nothing but bad, however history neglects to express that a large number of the slaves who came were individuals of numerous exchanges, aspirations, just as judgments. The Underground Railroad had its most punctual beginnings with rampant slaves escaping from the Southern United States into Canada. By standing up to human servitude without direct requests or brutality, the Underground Railroad assumed a distinct job in the demolition of subjugation. The Underground Railroad was a term used to depict a system of individuals who aided got away from slaves on their approach to opportunity. Evidently, the term Underground Railroad started when an oppressed runaway, Tice Davids, fled from Kentucky and may have taken shelter with John Rankin, a White abolitionist, in Ripley, Ohio. Resolved to recover his property, the proprietor pursued Davids to the Ohio River, however Davids out of nowhere vanished suddenly and completely, leaving his proprietor befuddled and thinking about whether the slave had "gone off on some underground road." The Railroad was started because of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 2. The Fugitive Slave Act requested that if a got away from slave was located, the person must be turned in and sent back to the legitimate proprietor 2. The Nation became partitioned on the subjugation question. The Fugitive Slave Law required the arrival of reinforced and obligated wanderers, just as liberated African A mericans. This undermined the insurance of the liberated slaves. Numerous North American obligated slaves were liberated after they had served their time following five to seven years 6. Most wanderers were guys, anyway ladies and kids escaped. Their numbers were littler in light of the fact that they were bound to be caught. However, The Underground Railroad turned into the most emotional dissent activity against bondage in United States history 2. The Railroad helped got away from slaves advance from the Southern states through the northern states, into opportunity. The Underground Railroad was working in America, yet it was anything but a railroad and was not underground. This â€Å"railroad† was for blacks getting away from subjection in the South. They were disappearing to the free North, and to Canada where there was no subjugation by any stretch of the imagination. The Underground Railroad needed conventional association, depending on people or different gatherings.

The Jungle Upton Sinclaire essays

The Jungle Upton Sinclaire papers Upton Sinclairs The Jungle happens in Packingtown, a region of Chicago, around the turn of the twentieth century. This book investigates a worker family confronting the hardships of a workers life, attempting to battle the void of the American Dream, how free enterprise basically breaks a family separated. The principle objective of The Jungle is to misuse entrepreneur world and attempt to convince the peruser that communism is the exit from the shades of malice of private enterprise. This book additionally revealed the perilous and unsanitary states of the meat pressing plants that offered ailing and spoiled meat to unsuspected clients, which prompted different acts to ensure clean conditions. Upton Sinclair utilizes a gullible Lithuanian foreigner family in this novel to uncover the difficulties and troubles they have when they come to American anticipating high wages and a decent life. The lip service of the American Dream is uncovered and they wind up in a place that is known for misuse and bias. Debasement, which is depicted as an immediate aftereffect of private enterprise, is a primary subject all through the book. Jurgis family rapidly discovers that laws are not authorized, legislators are out for their own benefit, and sales rep lie about their product. Rather than difficult work and profound quality, the family finds a reality where individuals attempt to excel by exploiting the guiltless and unwary. When purchasing their first house, there were incalculable shrouded expenses and charges they didn't think about. The family gets subject to cheats, control and assault by a chief, not what they bought in to. Toward the end, Jurgis understands that private enterprise is merciless, brutal, and out of line. It prompts the pulverization of youngsters and the separate of family esteems and customs. The main trust in a superior life is communism. Communism is depicted to profit everybody, to satisfy profound quality, and reestablish humankind to the average workers. Over the span of perusing this book, I was constrained ... <!

Why Would Opiate Medications Cause Fainting

Why Would Opiate Medications Cause Fainting Addiction Drug Use Opioids Print Why Would Opioid Medications Cause Fainting? By Rod Brouhard, EMT-P facebook twitter linkedin Rod Brouhard is an emergency medical technician paramedic (EMT-P), journalist, educator, and advocate for emergency medical service providers and patients. Learn about our editorial policy Rod Brouhard, EMT-P Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 23, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 10, 2020 There is no real difference between heroin and prescription opiates. Snap Decision / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Opioids Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Opioid medications are often prescribed to help control pain, but they can sometimes have unpleasant side effects. In addition to the risk of addiction and abuse, narcotic pain medications can sometimes cause people taking them to pass out. This can be a frightening experience for the patient taking the medications as well as any family, friends, or passersby who happen to be there to witness the loss of consciousness. In order to understand why opioids sometimes cause people to faint, it is important to know about how these drugs work. Note: The following is to help understand opioids better and is not intended as advice for medical treatment. Opioids and Fainting Opioidsâ€"medications made directly from opium extract or a synthetic version of opiumâ€"can cause loss of consciousness and possibly death. These medications are also known as narcotics. A drop in blood pressure is fairly common. Paramedics administer opioid medications to relieve pain as well as to reduce the workload of the heart during certain types of heart-related emergencies (usually for chest pain during heart attacks or congestive heart failure). The action that leads to lower blood pressure in opioids is the same action that reduces the hearts workload. To better understand how opioids do what they do, lets start by looking at symptoms of opioid overdoses. How Opiates Impact the Brain and Body Opioid Background These medications are often used for pain control, but they have a long history of abuse. The opioids most people recognize are morphine, Vicodin, codeine, Oxycontin, and heroin. There are several more drugs in this class available and many have different names in different countries (Rapifen and Transtec are common names in the UK). Heroin, developed by the Bayer Company (yes, same as aspirinâ€"and released commercially only a year apart), hasnt been legal in the United States since 1924 and is no longer commercially produced worldwide, unless you count illegal production. Its worth noting that unlike legal medications, illegal opioids are not regulated and their purity can be unpredictable, which can contribute to overdoses. Besides administering opioids therapeutically (usually morphine, but paramedics in some areas may carry different versions) paramedics are often called upon to treat opioid overdoses. There are three classic signs of an opioid overdose: Unconsciousness. The patient is almost always completely unresponsive.Constricted pupils (sometimes referred to as pinpoint pupils)The patient is breathing slowly or not breathing at all. This is called apnea or respiratory arrest. The most common opioid overdoses seen by paramedics involve heroin, but any opioid medication can cause the signs and symptoms above. The problems with opioid medications dont only happen with overdose. Some opioids, such as morphine, cause decreases in heart output and blood pressure. How it happens is still being studied and it seems that not all opioid medications are created equal. Individual reactions to opioids vary from one person to the next, meaning that one persons reactions and side effects to a drug like morphine or fentanyl might be very different than someone elses. Besides whatever direct effect an opioid medication might have on blood pressure, there are other opioid-related reactions that can affect blood pressure and possibly contribute to fainting, among other things. It is impossible to predict the degree to which an opioid medication will change an individuals blood pressure. However, knowing that blood pressure could be affected helps us be prepared for possible adverse reactions. Histamine and Heroin Stereotypically, heroin addicts are depicted as itching constantly and scratching a lot. There might be a reason for that; opioids cause a release of histamine. Histamine is the same thing thats released during an allergic reaction. Allergic reactions cause itching, among other things. Histamine also plays a part in anaphylaxis, which is a severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. The symptoms of anaphylaxis often include low blood pressures. Combined with the typical decrease in blood pressure of some opioids, this can lead to a precipitous drop in blood pressure and fainting. Understanding Opioid Overdoses Opioid-Induced Constipation Opioids are also well-documented causes of constipation. Chronic users can develop severe constipation that can lead to cramping in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal cramping stimulates the vagus nerve, which leads to lower heart rates and drops in blood pressure. Cramping is another potential trigger for fainting due to sudden losses of blood pressure. Important Considerations Even though these are some of the oldest pain relievers available, there is still a lot we dont know or understand about opioid medications. With all the possible reactions and effects of opioids, a loss of blood pressure bad enough to cause a loss of consciousness (fainting) is not out of the question. Adding the sedative effects of opioids and their propensity to decrease breathing just makes things more complicated. Read the Labels Always follow directions on all medications (prescription and over the counter). Doing so may help you avoid situations that can lead to fainting. For instance, the precautions for oxycodone warns that the medications may result in lightheadedness, dizziness, and fainting when standing too quickly. Ultimately, for some people, opioid medications simply may not be the answer. But given the important role that these pain control agents can play, its worth exploring the options with a doctor in cases involving severe pain. With expert supervision and safe and careful titration, pain control and improved quality of life can be achieved. How to Spot the Signs of a Pain Killer Addiction

The Fight Against Racism And Discrimination - 1737 Words

Michelle Chansuyco History 110 Class Number – 30 Final Paper—The Fight Against Racism and Discrimination Throughout history we have seen how racism has evolved and has impacted the lives of many minority groups in America. With the migration of people from different backgrounds all over the world, the United States has truly become a melting pot of cultures, religions and backgrounds. However, with this massive influx of people, nativism is bound to cause problems. Over time, through the efforts of different activist movements, there has been great progress with the issues of racism in America; but racism still exists to this day. During the World War II era from 1941 to 1945, immigrants from different backgrounds were brought together†¦show more content†¦However, issues came along when Mexican Americans in the southwest felt that they were being discriminated because they were getting paid less than what white workers were being paid to do the same jobs. To deal with this issue, activists rose up and brought their complaints to the Fair Employment Practices Commission. In 1942, The Executive Order 9066 issued by President Roosevelt forced people of Japanese descent from the West Coast to relocate to internment camps. This was the result of the fear of a Japanese invasion, and existing prejudice against the Japanese after the attack on Pearl Harbor. With what seemed to be an order based on race, many Japanese Americans refused to relocate. This was the case for Fred Korematsu, who did not show up for internment because he felt that the order was indeed an act of racism against the Japanese. During the time of the war, segregation was still in place to separate blacks from whites. African Americans experienced racism through segregation. The blood banks did not want to mix their blood with that of whites. During the Second Great Migration in 1941, about 700,000 blacks moved out of rural areas to the cities to find work but were treated with hostility at their housing and at the workplace. Even though blacks were able to serve in the army, they were still segregated from the rest of the other soldiers. They were also very limited in the positions that they could take on, with only a few enlisted as

The Most Popular Topics for an Argumentative Essay for College

The Most Popular Topics for an Argumentative Essay for College Most Noticeable Topics for an Argumentative Essay for College Doing sports in college ought to be mandatory. Once every so often, your professor might offer you the liberty of writing an argumentative essay for college on the subject of your choice. You're at college, or so the answer will likely be yes'. It's also essential to note that one can also seek out assistance if they're in need of descriptive essay help. There's, clearly, a limit on the variety of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. It is extremely important to decide on a great topic to be able to compose an excellent paper. If you're struggling, you always have the option to acquire help by utilizing an essay writing service such as ours. To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's vital to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the special area of study. Education scholars are continuously evolving the way that they think about how we learn and what's taught. Since you can see, a lot of the topics listed are new and handle the present issues happening in the World today. Many students have a tendency to encounter the writing issues due to the shortage of suitable comprehension. Facts, ultimately, will always win out against how folks are feeling at a specific moment. The dearth of fantastic support sources will end in a decrease grade. In an important extent, attending college and university is a significant time of their life from which a person could learn a whole lot more things which are. There are a lot of things to argue when it regards the law. As the demand for an excellent student has never been higher, it is normal to conclude that they have to equip themselves with various understanding. The intent of assigning an essay to middle school students is to make awareness and permit them to develop writing skills. All individuals ought to be permitted to receive free high education. Another reason is to observe how well students argue on various views and demonstrate understanding of the studied subject. Topics for an Argumentative Essay for College and Topics for an Argumentative Essay for College - The Perfect Combination The list of the greatest argumentative essay topics for college students contains nice and versatile tips that will boost your students and make them think. To write a strong argumentative essay, they should begin by familiarizing themselves with some of the common, and often conflicting, positions on the research topic so that they can write an informed paper. Even a student can begin a business online. Every student who would like to perform a great academic paper can use mentioned subjects and example argumentative essay to do a great work. Argumentative essays are among the most important essay types, an d it's no surprise they are a standard assignment students undertake. After all, an argumentative essay permits you to approach a subject from several angles. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. There are several persuasive essay topics to select from to finish your high school or college assignment. Top Topics for an Argumentative Essay for College Choices Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't really hard to discover. Then take a look at a list of argumentative essay advice to help you begin. At times you might require some expert help with argumentative essay topics. Many students come online to discover persuasive essay topics for higher english simply to pick specific topics and get started writing about them. Top Topics for an Argumentative Essay for College Choices So ensure you select a subject, which has values in it. Thus, it's important to read corresponding formatting guide. It is preferable to use templates since they include all necessary formatting elements. College is for a high degree of study. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. They find it difficult to choose a topic related to complex subjects. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. Want to Know More About Topics for an Argumentative Essay for College? Argumentative essay is about arguing and debating on a subject, which is debatable. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. You will likely find a different and amazing topic you will love to write about. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's essential to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. An essay prompt is the statement that's utilised to introduce the subject of the writing. It's possible to go for an intriguing topic from any area of science. If you're in a college and wish to compose an argumentative essay, you should decide on a subject of high importance. The student should investigate a topic, evaluate evidence, collect, generate, and set a standpoint on the subject in a powerful and concise way.

Mount Plesant Free Essays

Opgave A – Mount Pleasant Mount Pleasant from 2005 is an odd little short story. The story’s narrative technique and language is very unique, because it allows you to see a child’s world from its perspective. The way the story is written makes you think of your own childhood where ghosts and the darkness were the scariest things in the whole wide world. We will write a custom essay sample on Mount Plesant or any similar topic only for you Order Now Below, I will analyze this odd little short story, and also give you an interpretation of Mary-Louise Buxton’s Mount Pleasant where she so curiously write about Elizabeth and her imaginative everyday life. The short story is about a girl Elizabeth who narrates the reader through her every day life. How she discovers the world, how she see her parents and how she interpret things. This short story is not like any other short story, because normally you would have this big climax, with life-changing experiences, and a main theme to tell you how to live your life. This story is â€Å"just† a little child’s experiences. The thing that makes this story interesting is the extraordinary first-person narrator. The story is in a way written like some sort of diary by a six-year-old. I think the narrator is about six because she talks about the boy on the picture and he looks around 9-10 not much older than her: â€Å"He’s maybe nine or ten, not that much older than I am† The Narrator does not alter the spoken language; it makes the story seem a bit messy but also childish. The language is a big part of this short story because the writer, Mary-Louise, plays with names for objects and concepts, words and the way the different parts of the story are put together. Talking about names, it could be names such as: â€Å"Mammy† â€Å"The Look† â€Å"Granny ‘Omi’s Duckering Ball† â€Å"Babby† â€Å"Boo Boo† Playing with nicknames like this gives the story a childish feeling, and if Mary-Louise had chosen to use a â€Å"grown-up† language the story would not have been the same, so this is most likely why this kind of language is chosen. You instantly know the narrator is a child, because the little girl are having a constant urge for being entertained. It is hard for her to focus. It is seen a couple of times in the story, at first it is kind of confusing, but the second time you read the story the meaning of it gets more clear. The best example is when she is talking about her mother’s behavior, in the situation where her dad puts the picture of the little boy on the mantelpiece. Then out of nowhere our protagonist begins talking about the area and how everyone know her and her sister, how the nuns treat them, the different shops in the area, and then followed by a very descriptive list of sweets you can get at the corner in the tub shop: And then there’s the tub shop on the corner where you can go in and buy big tubs of ice cream, and get sweets out of great big glass jars behind the counter – raspberry ruffles and chewing nuts and chocolate raisins and liquorice sticks and ice cups and strawberry boot lace† And after talking about the candy she suddenly returns to the time and place she broke loose from. Changing the subjects is c onfusing, but also what you would expect a child to do. Another thing that keeps it childish is the small ‘wake up! ’ line such as Mammy said not to get dirty. † â€Å"We never want to go home. † They spice up the language, and would definitely be something a child would do. It fits very well with the narrative structure of the story If you look at the characters other than the protagonist, you immediately think of the parents. I think it is good writing, because not only is the parents the most important character in a child’s life, it is also two of the most important character in this short story. You get the impression that the mother is the strict one: If I see that bloody picture again at tea time† â€Å"Mammy said not to get dirty† The father is the exact opposite he is the fun one, the one who lets Elizabeth and her sister stay op late and the less strict one. The father has a more childish language saying Boo Boo and Bobby dazzl er. However, the father may not be as sweet and loving as you would expect. One night he takes his two daughters to bed and the dog will no move and instead of calling it by its name he is saying ‘dog’ and then he slaps the dog so hard that it gets scared and hide under the table. I did not notice it at first because our narrator does not make it unusually and a big deal, it makes you think that it could have happened before. All through the story I waited for something bad or devastating to happen, but nothing happened, or maybe the real disaster is hidden? In the end it is mentioned that the mother picks up the picture of the boy and puts it back on to the mantelpiece, and you hear Elizabeth’s thoughts about it dropping down in the night. But earlier in the story it says: â€Å"I run to the mantelpiece and put the picture in the grate† She had put it there herself, so it could be understood as a symbol of disorder. The night where this happens could very well be the night where Elizabeth sees a ghost walking around and locking her to her bed. When you have a child as your narrator, it is always hard to tell if something really happened, maybe Elizabeth did see this ghost, or it could be that nothing happened during that night, it was just normal behavior from a child who were scared in the dark. It is a hard deal knowing when children speak the truth and when they overreact. This story is definitely not like your typical short story, it is cryptic and you have to read it a few times before you get what is going on. Maybe the message is just how a child sees the world and how you have to remember to dream and imagine, with themes such as being imaginative, childhood and fear. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. P. 2 L. 59 [ 2 ]. p. 1 l. 1 [ 3 ]. p. 2 l. 46 [ 4 ]. p. 2 l. 49 [ 5 ]. p. 1 l. 28 [ 6 ]. p. 2 l. 69 [ 7 ]. p. 3 l 91-94 [ 8 ]. p. 1 l. 18 [ 9 ]. p. 3 l. 114 [ 10 ]. p. 2 l. 53 [ 11 ]. p. 1 l. 18 [ 12 ]. p. 5 l. 164 How to cite Mount Plesant, Essay examples

Walking Essays - Philanthropy, Social Philosophy, Social Psychology

There are many people who give their time freely for the benefit of others. They are willing to cross continents because others need their help. These are the people who do not think of what they will get in return. They do not think of sacrifices that they are making such is their dedication to the cause of helping others. They help others in need, irrespective of religion, race or politics. Helping other people includes putting others before yourself, and for good reasons. there are people who help others all the time and sometimes they do no receive much gratitude for their efforts. However, that does not mean they will stop helping. The essence of volunteerism is the giving of services, goods or money to help people. Money is not a consideration when it comes to helping others. In prosperous societies, people may be willing to donate money to those in need. In emergencies, they will willingly give food, money and necessities to help the needy. But strangely enough in poor societies, one would see the poor people reaching out to each other to help numerous ways, too. They would sacrifice what they have to help the ones who need it more. It is an amazing virtue that poor people would just be willing to give the little they have to help another.

Makayla Fails Essays (1353 words) - Americas, Racism, Free Essays

Makayla Fails Essays (1353 words) - Americas, Racism, Free Essays Makayla Fails Dr. Greg Carr Intro to African American Studies February 16, 2016 Framing Question #2: How Did Africans Preserve and Affirm Their Way of Life and Use Their Identities As a Means to Resist Enslavement? Abstract: The question that we are being asked is a powerful one. Africans were basically completely stripped of their identities when they were forced into slavery. But this question is basically saying that they were indeed not completely stripped, so what did they do to keep their identities. What did they do to keep their souls alive? What did they do to keep their stories alive? It is not easy to keep your culture, your religion and your language alive when you are continuously moving from place to place and when you are forced to adapt to different cultures, religions and languages. But despite all of the hardships and struggles, Africans did preserve and affirm their culture as a means to resist enslavement through many different ways. "Culture never dies, it's passed on; that is why it changes" (Carr). Critical Review of Scholarship: Since the beginning of this course, we have engaged in readings that hit almost every aspect of African studies. Something Torn and New: An African Renaissance by Ngugi Wa Thiong'o happens to be one of these readings. This book talks about how the main goal of Europeans was to overpower the African culture by imprinting their culture and ways of living into the souls of the Africans. When discussing this book in class, we basically came up with the conclusion that the Europeans took everything away from the Africans. So not only did they take their freedom, but they took their languages, their memories, and their culture. So when I say the Europeans wanted to "overpower" the African culture, they wanted to completely wipe it out as if it never existed. This book helps you to realize how much the Africans value their language, memories, culture, and their identity as a whole. Another book that really helped me to understand and answer the question asked is The Coming by Daniel Black. This book follows a group of Africans from the moment they are captured in their villages to the moment they are sold in America. In this novel, Daniel Black depicts the characters' journey to the ship, journey across the Atlantic, and complete loss of self. This book was probably the most helpful with answering the framing question because it really puts you in the time and place of slavery. It is like you are actually there and you know everything that is going on. Discussion: The Africans that experienced enslavement went through too much for us to even try to imagine what it was like. As was said before, they were basically forced into a whole new world. To the white man, they were stripped of their name, culture, religion and language. This made the white man (slave owners/master) feel more than powerful. This made them feel like they had full control on the slaves' lives, which they kind of did in a sense. It was almost like they were puppet masters playing with ventriloquist dolls, only this was real life dealing with real people and real situations. In my opinion, Africans were stuck in a very tough situation, but they were smart with the way that they went about it. In order to preserve their lives, identity and their experiences, Enslaved African-Americans created sacred songs and told stories about their experiences. Since enslaved people were not allowed to formally educate themselves, which includes learning how to write down these memories of the past, oral storytelling was the only way to have a connection to Africa. Of everything that was taken and stripped, the mind was the one thing the white slave owners could not erase. As hard as they tried Africans held onto their identities, cultural traditions, and connections through verbal exchange. As was said before, these slaves were smart. They knew that nobody could tell their stories better than them. If they left it up to the white man to tell of their experiences, we might not even know of slavery or the degree of severity to which it was. It was said in the book, The Coming,

The North American and Western Larch

The North American and Western Larch The native range of the Tamarack, or Larix laricina, occupies the coldest regions of Canada and the northern-most forests of central and northeastern United States. This conifer was named tamarack  by native American Algonquians and means wood used for snowshoes but has also been called eastern tamarack, American tamarack, and hackmatack. It  has one of the widest ranges of all North American conifers. Although thought to be a cold-loving  species, tamarack  grows under extremely varied climatic conditions. It can be found in isolated pockets in West Virginia and Maryland and in disjunct areas of interior Alaska and the Yukon. It can easily survive average January cold temperatures from -65 degrees F to warm July temperatures that exceed 70 degrees F. This toleration of climate extremes explains its wide distribution. The extreme cold of northernmost strands will affect its size where it will remain a small tree, attaining a height of about 15 feet. Larix laricina,  in the pine family  Pinaceae,  is a small to medium-size  boreal  conifer that  is uniquely  deciduous where needles annually turn a beautiful yellow color and drop in autumn. The  tree  can grow to 60 feet in height on certain sites with  trunk  growth that can exceed 20 inches in diameter.  Tamarack can tolerate a wide range of soil conditions but grows most commonly, and to its maximum potential, on wet to moist organic soils of  sphagnum and woody peat. Larix laricina is very intolerant of shade but is an early pioneer tree species that invades bare wet organic soils by seeding. The tree typically appears first in swamps, bogs, and muskeg where they start the long process of forest succession.   According to  one U.S Forest Service report, the principal commercial use of tamarack in the United States is for making pulp products, especially the transparent paper in window envelopes. Because of its rot resistance, tamarack is also used for posts, poles, mine timbers, and railroad ties. The key characteristics used for the identification of tamarack: This is the only eastern conifer with deciduous needles arranged in radiating clusters.Needles are growing from blunt spurs in groups of 10 to 20.Cones are small and egg-shaped with no visible  bracts between scales.Foliage turns yellow in autumn. The Western Larch or  Larix occidentalis Western larch or Larix occidentalis is in the pine family Pinaceae  and often called western tamarack. It  is the largest of the larches and most important timber species of the genus Larix. Other common names include  hackmatack, mountain larch, and Montana larch. This conifer, when compared to Larix laricina, has a range that is much reduced to just four U.S. states and one Canadian province- Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia. Like the tamarack, western larch is a deciduous conifer whose needles turn yellow and drop in autumn. Unlike tamarack, western larch is very tall, being the largest of all the larches and reaching heights of over 200 feet on preferred soils. The habitat for  Larix occidentalis  is on mountain slopes and in valleys and can grow  on swampy ground. It is often seen growing with Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine. The tree does not do as well as tamarack when dealing with broad changes in climatic factors as a species. The tree  grows in a relatively moist-cool climatic zone, with low temperature limiting its upper elevational range and deficient moistures its lower extremes- it is basically limited to the Pacific northwest and to the states mentioned. Western larch forests are enjoyed for their multiple resource values including timber production and aesthetic beauty. The seasonal change in hue of larchs delicate foliage from light green in the spring and summer, to gold in the fall, enhances the beauty of these mountain forests. These forests provide the ecological niches needed for a wide variety of birds and animals. Hole-nesting birds comprise about one-fourth of the bird species in these forests. According to a U.S Forest Service report, western larch timber is used extensively for lumber, fine veneer, long-straight utility poles, railroad ties, mine timbers, and pulpwood. It is also valued for its  high water-yielding forest-areas where management can influence water yield through harvest cuttings and young stand culture. The key characteristics used for the identification of western larch: A larch trees color stands out in forests- pale grass green in summer, yellow in the fall.Needles grow from blunt spurs in groups like  L. laricina  but on hairless twigs.Cones are larger than L. laricina  with visible yellowish, pointed bracts between scales.

World History 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World History 1 - Essay Example In the civilized society, the role of the individual still might be deemed important, but not in the same close-connection sort of way. In terms of the educational area, one of the hallmarks of civilization is its ability to pass on its legacy through literature. Nomadic peoples tended to provide oral traditions and stories, but it wasn't until these became written down that society advanced to what might be called a civilized state. Through education in general, and literacy in particular, civilization developed into its modern form. Thirdly, there is a distinct difference between the commercial activities of hunter/gatherer tribes and civilized society. For nomadic tribes, goods were acquired primarily for consumption. Excess items could be traded with other groups, but the primary goal was meeting daily need. Modern civilization is characterized by elaborate trading patterns that have no equal in the hunter/gatherer world. Finally, the political difference is dramatic. While hunte r/gatherers had political rank or pecking order, it consisted primarily of who was strong enough to lead the tribe; and conducted through a fairly straightforward means of combat or test of skills.

Comparison of Operating System Kernels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Comparison of Operating System Kernels - Essay Example Different kinds of operating systems are available and in completion amongst one another. These come in form of products from Microsoft, Apple, Linux, FreeBSD and many more. Each of them has a large customer bench and has its own characteristics; it is these characteristics that make them unique and most sought after. At the same time these characteristics are totally unique in their way and facilitate the users in many ways. Computer itself is a large entity, and has many components such as memory unit, processing unit, operating system, cache, and many more parts. It is the operating system that holds the kernel within itself. Kernel is a series of instructions, processes and programs that are joined together, grouped into large entity to perform the tasks. For example a particular process, and a particular program may be designed to execute a certain function, the kernel is a larger entity that is created to enable execution of the entire operating system. While programs are related to the virtual mode, the kernel is also concerned with the physical mode and physical operations as well. Kernel is that part which provides a bridge between the software and hardware; it acts as an intermediate source between the two and facilitates each of them in making up an entire computer system for purpose of all the operations that we perform on the outside face of it(Pfleeger & Pfleeger, 2012,351). Before creating a kernel, a lot of thought is invested in to it, this thought pertains to the kind of customers it would entertain, the kind of functions it would provide, what capacity it would support, and most importantly the kind of work that would be performed by it. Based on these considerations, the kernels are designed to provide maximum benefit to the users and enrich the usage of computers along with aim of providing maximum ease. Other factors which distinguish the kernels support and

Review of literature on Postoperative Pulmonary Complications

Review of literature on Postoperative Pulmonary Complications According to Polit and Hungler (1999) the task of reviewing research literature involves the task of reviewing research literature involves the identification, selection, critical analysis and written description of existing information on the topic. Related literature which was reviewed is discussed under the following headings. Studies related to overview of the postoperative pulmonary complications. Studies related to chest physiotherapy and incentive spirometry. Studies related to overview of postoperative pulmonary complications Soledad Chumillas (1998) posited that pulmonary function is commonly altered after surgery, particularly in patients who have had chest or upper abdominal surgery. The physiological changes observed are directly related to anaesthesia (general or regional) and to the type of incision and surgical technique employed, and are reflected by decreases in total pulmonary capacity and pulmonary volumes and by a parallel decrease in Pa02. Yoder (2009) said that thoracic and upper abdominal surgery is associated with a reduction in vital capacity by 50% and in functional residual capacity by 30%. Diaphragmatic dysfunction, postoperative pain, and splinting make these changes. After upper abdominal surgery, patients shift to a breathing pattern with which ribcage excursions and abdominal expiratory muscle activities increase. Postoperative patients maintain adequate minute volume, but the tidal volume is very low and the respiratory rate increases. These abnormal breathing patterns, along with the residual effects of anesthesia and postoperative analgesics, inhibit cough, impair mucociliary clearance, and contribute to the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. David Warner (2005) described that many factors responsible for PPCs are related to disruption of the normal activity of the respiratory muscles, disruption that begins with the induction of anaesthesia and that may continue into the postoperative period. The effects of anaesthesia can persist into the postoperative period, though via different mechanisms, as the effects of surgical trauma come into play. These are most pronounced following thoracic and abdominal surgery, and arise from at least three mechanisms. First, functional disruption of respiratory muscles by incisions, even after surgical repair, may impair their effectiveness. Postoperative pain may cause voluntary limitation of respiratory function. Finally, stimulation of the viscera, such as provided by mechanical traction on the gallbladder or esophageal dilation, markedly decreases phrenic motor neurone output and changes the activation of other respiratory muscles, in general acting to minimize diaphragmatic descent. Other factors that may contribute to PPCs include: 1) Reflex stimulation during surgery, and release of inflammatory mediators by drug administration, increasing airway resistance and limiting expiratory gas flow from the lung; if severe this can produce hyperinflation with risk of barotrauma and gas exchange abnormalities. 2) Impairment of normal mucociliary transport by anaesthetic gasses and endotracheal intubation which may delay clearance of pathogens and promote retained secretions 3)Impairment of lung inflammatory cells function by prolonged anaesthesia and surgery, which could increase susceptibility to postoperative infections 4) Impaired upper airway reflexes postoperatively, with may increase the risk of aspiration, and 5) Incomplete reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Rochelle Wynne and Mari Botti (2004) postulated that the pathogenesis of postoperative pulmonary dysfunction is associated with anomalies in gas exchange, alterations in lung mechanics, or both. Abnormalities in gas exchange are evidenced by a widening of the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, increased micro vascular permeability in the lung, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, increased pulmonary shunt fraction, and intrapulmonary aggregation of leukocytes and platelets. Variations in the mechanical properties of the lung lead to reductions in vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and static and dynamic lung compliance. Woerlee (2009) listed certain performance criteria for the respiratory system of a surgical patient. They are: The lungs must have sufficient oxygen to oxygenate the blood. The pulmonary circulation must eliminate carbon dioxide from the body to prevent carbon dioxide accumulation. The client must be able to generate a productive cough, otherwise mucus accumulation will occur resulting in atelectasis and/or lung infection or pneumonia. The client must be able to significantly increase their respiratory minute volume to compensate for factors such as increased postoperative metabolic rate, elevated body temperature, possible infections, pneumonia, etc. Poor performance in significantly raising and sustaining an elevated respiratory minute volume results in exhaustion and respiratory failure. Postoperative pulmonary complications account for a substantial portion of the risks related to surgery and anaesthesia and are a source of postoperative morbidity, mortality and longer hospital stays. The current basis for our understanding of the nature of Postoperative pulmonary complications is weak; only a small number of high quality studies are available, a uniform definition has not emerged, and studies have focused on specific patients and kinds of surgeries. Current evidence suggests that risk factors for Postoperative pulmonary complications are related to the patients health status and the particular anaesthetic and surgical procedures chosen. Age, pre-existing respiratory and cardiac diseases, the use of general anaesthesia and overall surgical insult are the most significant factors associated with complications. Election of anaesthetic technique, postoperative analgesia and chest physiotherapy seem to be the preventive measures that are best supported by evidence. (J.C anet, V.Mazo, 2010) J.C.Hall ., et.al (1991)evaluated the relationship between postoperative pulmonary complications and various putative risk factors in a prospective longitudinal study of 1000 patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Transient subclinical events were studied by defining postoperative pulmonary complications as positive clinical findings in combination with either positive sputum microbiology, unexplained pyrexia, or positive chest roentgenographic findings. The overall incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications was 23.2%(232/1000). These findings supplies clinicians and clinical nurse with a simple means of identifying patients who are at high risk of postoperative pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications contribute significantly to the overall perioperative morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary complications occur significantly more often in patients undergoing elective surgery of the thorax and abdomen. These include atelectasis, infections including bronchitis and pneumonia, respiratory failure and bronchospasm. Sharma (2000). The study findings of Brooks-Brunn (1995) revealed that atelectasis and infectious complications account for the majority of reported pulmonary complications. Risk factors were thought to exaggerate pulmonary function deterioration, which occurred both during and after surgical procedures. 18 risk factors were reviewed regarding their Pathophysiology, impact on preoperative, intra operative and postoperative pulmonary function in this study. Identification of risk factor and prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications are important. Preoperative assessment and identification of patients at risk for postoperative pulmonary complications can guide our respiratory care to prevent or minimize these complications. Postoperative pulmonary complications were investigated in a total of 41 paediatric recipients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. Atelectasis was seen in 40 cases (98%) of the 41 recipients, and occurred in the left lower lobe in 28 cases (68%), and in the right upper lobe in 25 cases (61%). Radiographic pulmonary edema occurred on 23 occasions in 18 recipients (45%). Five recipients experienced two episodes of pulmonary edema during their ICU stay. Pleural effusions were observed in 21 cases (52%), of which 18 had right sided effusion and 3 had bilateral effusions. Pneumothorax occurred in 3 cases. Pyothorax, hemothorax, bronchial asthma and subglottic granulation occurred in one case each. The present study demonstrated that postoperative pulmonary complications are frequently observed in paediatric recipients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. (Toshihide et.al.,1994). Kanat et al., (2007) studied the risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications in upper abdominal surgery. They concluded that pulmonary complications are the most frequent causes of postoperative morbidity and mortality in upper abdominal surgery. A prospective study on 60 consecutive patients was conducted who underwent elective upper abdominal surgery in general surgical unit. Each patients preoperative pulmonary status was assessed by an experienced chest physician using clinical examination, chest radiographs, spirometry, blood analysis, anaesthetical risks, surgical indications, operation time, incision type, duration of nasogastric catheter and mobilization time. Complications were observed in 35 patients (58.3%). The most complications were pneumonia followed by pneumonitis, atelectasis, bronchitis, pulmonary emboli and acute respiratory failure. They recommend a detailed pulmonary examinations and spirometry in patients who will undergo upper abdominal surgery by ch est physicians to identify the patients at high risk for postoperative pulmonary complications, to manage respiratory problems of the patients before surgery and also to help surgeons to take early measures in such patients before a most likely postoperative pulmonary complications occurrence. Serojo et al., (2007) in a prospective cohort study, studied risk factors for pulmonary complications after emergency abdominal surgery. Pertinent data were collected through interview and chart review and their association with the occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complications were analyzed. 286 consecutive children were included and 75 (28.2%) developed postoperative pulmonary complications. Pulmonary complications are frequent among children undergoing abdominal surgery and lead to increased length of hospital stay and death rate. Kilpadi ,et al., (1999) in a prospective study of respiratory complications, conducted a study for a period of six months with total samples of 584 patients, who underwent elective or emergency surgery. He found that 81 of them had 13.9% of respiratory complications, 68% had pneumonia and others included pleural effusion, empyema and exacerbation of asthma. Felardo et al., (2002) investigated the postoperative pulmonary complications after upper abdominal surgery. Two hundred and eighty three patients were followed from pre to postoperative period. A protocol including a questionnaire, physical examination, thoracic radiogram and spirometry was used during preoperative period. Sixty nine (24.4%) patients had pulmonary complications in 87 events registered. Pneumonia was the most frequent event 34% (30/87) followed by atelectasis 24% (21/87), broncho constriction 17% (15/87), acute respiratory failure 13% (11/87), prolonged mechanical ventilation 9% (8/87) and bronchial infection 2% (2/87). Pulmonary complications occurs more frequently than cardiac complications. The complication rates for upper abdominal and thoracic surgery are the highest. A better understanding of the risk factors associated with postoperative pulmonary complications is essential to develop strategies for reducing these complications. In any individual patient the benefit from a surgical procedure should be weighed against the risks it imposes. When possible, stabilization of respiratory status is advisable before surgery. (Muhammed Aslam, Syed Hussain, 2005). Decline in pulmonary function after major abdominal surgery is thought to be identified in daily assessment by observation of breathing and pain intensity. Measurement of pulmonary function is usually not included in the assessment of the patient in postoperative period. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between clinical observation of breathing and decline in pulmonary function and pain. Eighty nine patients admitted for elective major, mild and upper abdominal surgery, participated in the study. Clinical observation of breathing covered the following parameters like abdominal expansion, side expansion, high thoracic expansion, paradoxical breathing, symmetry of thorax expansion, ability to huff and signs of mucus retention. Pain intensity was assessed at rest and during breathing exercises and during coughing using a visual analogue scale. Peak expiratory flow rate were performed on the preoperative day and for seven postoperative day. A poor correlation is found between clinical observation of breathing and pulmonary function after abdominal surgery. (Johannes vandeleor et al ., 2003). Fung et al., (2010) compared postoperative respiratory complications in obese and nonobese children following surgery for sleep-disordered breathing. All obese children who had undergone adenotonsillectomy for sleep-disordered breathing from 2002 to 2007 were compared with age- and gender-matched controls. Length of hospital stay and the incidence, severity, and location of respiratory complications were compared.  Forty-nine obese children were identified (20:29, female: male). Overall, 37 obese children (75.5%) and 13 controls (26.5%) incurred complications (P = 0.000). Ten obese patients and two controls incurred major events (P = 0.012); 36 obese children had minor complications versus 12 controls (P = 0.000). Obese children had significantly more upper airway obstruction (19 vs. 4, P = 0.0003), particularly during the immediate postoperative period. The mean hospital stay was significantly longer for the obese group (18 vs. 8 hours, P = 0.000, mean difference of 10 hours). He concluded that Obesity in children significantly increases the risk of respiratory complications following surgery for sleep-disordered breathing. Sixty patients were studied to determine the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications and the value of preoperative spirometry in producing pulmonary complications after upper abdominal surgery. On the day before the operation and for 15 days after the operation, each patients respiratory status was assessed by clinical examinations, chest x-ray, spirometry and blood gas analysis. A chest physician and surgeon monitored patients for pulmonary complications independently. In this study postoperative pulmonary complications developed in 21(35%) patients (pneumonia in 10 patient, bronchitis in 9 patients, atelectasis in 1 patient, pulmonary embolism in 1 patient) of 31 patients with abnormal preoperative spirometry, 14 patients showed normal preoperative spirometry, 7 patients showed complications. It was concluded that postoperative pulmonary complications was still a serious cause of postoperative morbidity. (Kocabas et al.,1996). Study conducted by Ephgrave et al., (1993) revealed that postoperative pneumonia was a major complication that had been linked to micro aspiration of pathogens originating in the gastrointestinal tract. 140 patients who had undergone major surgeries were selected. Postoperative pneumonia is present in 26 (18.6%) of 140 patients. Postoperative pneumonia is a morbid postoperative complications associated with presence of gastric bacteria during operation and transmission of gastric bacteria to the pulmonary tree after surgery. Studies related to chest physiotherapy and incentive spirometry Chest physiotherapy is an important therapy in the treatment of respiratory illness. It is very important to carry out this procedure in children for the purpose of loosening secretions from the lungs. Morran, et al., (1993) has done a randomized controlled trial on physiotherapy for postoperative pulmonary complications. A sample size of 102 patients undergoing cholecystectomy were assigned to control group and study group. The patients in the control group did not receive chest physiotherapy, while patients in the study group received chest physiotherapy. The study proved that without chest physiotherapy 21 patients developed atelectasis and 19 patients developed chest infections whereas with chest physiotherapy 15 patients developed atelectasis and 7 developed chest infection and 40 patients developed no complication. The author concluded that routine prophylactic chest physiotherapy significantly decreased frequency of chest infection (p

Health safety and the environment report feyzin

The aim of this project is to describe the incident which took place in Feyzin, south of France, on Tuesday January 4th 1966. This project describes the history of the refinery, a description of the LPG manufacture processes, the cause of the accident, details of the accident, inquires and safety measures, conclusion and personal recommendations. A focus group for the project was the first approach on research to explore people's ideas and attitudes to the accident. There were several weekly group meetings excluding the weekly tutor meetings putting forward ideas discussing whether the accident could have been for seen and reasonable measures were in place. Each member of the group was assigned a particular area in which they were to collect information. The required information was gathered from various highly reliable sources such as a HSE investigation. History And Background Information. Feyzin is situated in the suburbs of Lyon in the southern part of France. The France national petroleum was located in Feyzin. The refinery at Feyzin had started operating in 1964. The main objective of this processing plant was to produce 1.7 million tonnes a year of LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). LPG is a by-product of the distillation of oil from crude oil. When the distillate is put under pressure its physical state changes into a liquid. It is in this form that LPG is transported around in cylinder tanks. Because of the relatively short life span of the site prior to the incident, the cascade of events may be relatively short and that major issues will have risen during both the design and construction of the site. We can assume now that the plant was between its 1st and 2nd year of operation. LPG is a combination of Propane (Pressure 12 Bar, 37 degrees Celsius) and Butane (Pressure 2.6 Bar, 37 degrees Celsius).The LPG is used as an alternative to petrol.[Aarding India Pvt Ltd, 2007] The LPG is important because it is widely used as a fuel for vehicles and as cooking gas since its manufacture. They are also used as Industrial fuel and heating oils which are vital for many process plants. [Herman F. Mark et al, 1982] LPG is employed for starting up solid-fuel and oil-fired boilers supplying turbo generators. It is potential stand by for gas turbine generating equipment run on interruptible gas supplies. Its use for peak-load turbines will be economical to some circumstances. [BP trading ltd, 1972] Cascade events The causes of the deadly incident which took place at Feyzin There were quite a few reasons reported which were believed to be the causes of the explosion. Cause of the leakage: Three operators opened 2-inch valves which were mounted in series at a bottom of a 1200m3 propane spherical tank. The valves did not close at a LPG tank which contained 1200kl propane, which led to the leakage of LPG gas, a major cause of the explosion. For LPG that is Propane gas, when the pressure is lowered to atmospheric one the temp drops to -40. At this temperature moisture in air is frozen, but also the moisture reacts with LPG forming a solid hydrate. So either the downstream valve did not close tightly because of hydrate formation or the valve handle was stuck by the frozen moisture. This accident was believed to be caused as the upstream valve was not opened fully and the pressure at the outlet of the first valve was near the atmospheric pressure, the pressure difference cooled. It is very wrong to operate the valve system like that. Therefore, the cause of the explosion is either the operator's human mistake or a mistake on the management not to inform the proper execution of the operation. Cause of the ignition: The leaked LPG is presumed to be travelled for a distance and spread along the ground. A car driving down a local road might have sparked the ignition which is maybe due to the driver's cigarette or the car engine's hot temperature. Note that the layout of the plant was restricted to the landscape; a highway was constructed just 50m away from the large LPG tanks which exploded during the incident. Moreover there was no dike around the tanks which exploded, when large amount of LPG leaked, the vapour flew along the ground to the highway. The main cause of the ignition is that there was no dike around the LPG tanks and the distance regulation insufficient. Secondly, the legs of the spherical tank were made of iron which weren't fire proof. Thirdly, is that the distance between the adjacent tanks was really close, The actual distance between the centre of the tanks was just 27m according to the facility information provided. This proves that the adjacent tanks were affected so easily from the explosion of the first tank. Event A BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion) was the disaster that occurred at Feyzin. It is an explosion phenomenon caused by the rapid phase change (vaporization) of a liquid. At 6:30am three operators started the water draining operation of a tank. Two valves were opened in series on the bottom of the sphere. When the operation was nearly complete, the upper valve was closed and then cracked open again. No flow came out of the cracked valve, so it was opened further. The blockage, assumed to be ice or hydrate, cleared and propane gushed out. The operator was unable to close the upper valve and by the time he attempted to close the lower valve this was also frozen open. The LPG leak started here because that valve was not closed completely. After a few minutes the operators were covered in propane vapour. The leaking LPG spread in the direction of the highway, with partially vaporizing. The alarm rang in the control room at this time. At around 7:05am; the alarm rang and it is not clear if it rang throughout the Feyzin districts or just the Feyzin refinery. The first fire truck of the factory turned out immediately. After this the traffic on the highway next to the refinery was stopped. The fire brigade of Lyon arrived at 7:20. Just after 7:30am, a car came and stopped on the local road where the traffic had not been stopped. The explosion apparently occurred after the car had stopped. The fire increased in power, spread along the leaking LPG, and the tank was overcome with flames immediately. By 8:40am the first tank at the refinery exploded by the BLEVE. The second and third spherical tanks exploded five minutes later. Two more spherical tanks and many oil tanks burned continuously. The next day in the morning the fire was extinguished. As a result of this it was reported that 18-81 persons died and about 80-130 persons got injured included members of the fire fighting team. The physical damage included five LPG tanks, many atmospheric tanks containing crude oil and jet fuel, and so on. The Feyzin Refinery suffered extensive damage. The LPG tank farm where the sphere was located consisted of four 1200 m3 propane and four 2000 m3 butane spheres. The fire brigade arrived on site, but were not experienced in dealing in refinery fires, and it appears they did not attempt to cool the burning sphere. They concentrated their hoses on cooling the remaining spheres. About 90 minutes after the initial leakage, the sphere ruptured, killing the men nearby. A wave of liquid propane flowed over the compound wall and fragments of the ruptured sphere cut through the legs of the next sphere which toppled over. The relief valve on this tank began to emit liquid. What is believed to have happened on the day of the accident is: the upstream valve was not opened fully and the pressure at the outlet of the first valve was near atmospheric pressure, hence the upstream valve was cooled by the pressure difference. It is absolutely prohibited to operate valves in such manner. Therefore, the cause of the accident is either the operator's human error or a mistake on management side in not explaining the proper operation protocols. Another contributing factor to the accident is that the operator did not close the downstream valve. There is insufficient information available to why this valve was not closed. It is assumed that either ice is generated in the downstream valve like in the upstream valve or a rapid large LPG leak occurred, the operator may have panicked when they could not close the upstream valve and therefore may have not remembered to close the downstream valve. Basically they had to decrease the downstream valve opening when the LPG began to appear in the drain water. Then the valve had to be closed at the end of the drain work. Either they forgot to carry out this procedure or they could not close the second valve because it had also become stuck by freezing. 1) Valve A is closed 2) Valve A cracks open 3) Valve A becomes blocked due to freezing 4) No flow through valve A 5) Valve A is opened 6) Ice block in valve A becomes dislodged 7) Valve A freezes in open position 8) Unable to close valve A 9) Valve B freezes in open position 10) Unable to close valve B 11) Pressure sphere fluid leaks through open valves 12) Fluid level in pressure vessel drops decreasing internal pressure 13) Liquid propane begins to boil due to pressure drop 14) Pressure in vessel increases due to liberated gaseous propane 15) Fluid flow through valves A and B increases due to increase in pressure 16) Vessel pressure continues to increase 17) Pressure vessel ruptures 18) Gaseous propane escapes vessel Recommendations and summary * Geographical location and details * History of Feyzin, including cascade events * Incident timeline and possible description of why it happened * Geographical effects of the incident * Results of the inquiry and official recommendations * Personal recommendations not covered by the enquiry Geographical location and details In order to get a better understanding of the scale of the Feyzin incident, it is important to note the location of the site in regards to the local area in which the site was and still is positioned. This will give an indication to understanding the safety procedures that were in place at the time of the incident and how emergency procedures were carried out at the time. It has proven very difficult to obtain a clear picture of the geographical location either prior to or following the incident of the site and so it will be assumed that the current location of the site, circa 2009, is the same location at the time of the incident. Close examination of this map may also indicate the most likely positioning of the epicentre of the primary detonation. Fig 1. Map of Feyzin Birds eye view 2009 Sandwiched between the A7 Expressway to the east of the site and the ‘Le grand large' river to the west, on close examination, it appears that some form of storage containers are located just west of the top E15 label in the image. This may lead us to assume that the storage containers were in the same location prior to the 1966 incident. On a broader scale it may also be seen that this location is approximately 10 km south of the major city of Lyon. Research suggests that at the time of the incident, the site lacked any serious on site systems in case of a major crisis, relying more on the local public services to resolve anything arising such as the incident in question. Again on close inspection of the map, it can be seen that the site is placed within a fairly urbanised area. Again we must assume a similar layout at the time of the incident though populations will be quite different from the 1966 incident and the 2009 map. This will assist in understanding the cause of the incident overall and the scale of the overall effect in this area. Apart from just repeating the timeline for the actual incident, it is important to try and understand why the incident took place, outside of the events leading up to and after what happened. The sequence of events surrounding the cracking and freezing of the ‘upper' valve, and the subsequent rupture of the pressure vessel need to be understood, in order to get a better understanding of how such a crises may be avoided in the future. These events may only have taken place over a very short time frame but they are essential to understanding the crises. One of the critical questions that should be asked is why following the closure of valve A and the subsequent cracking and freezing up of the valve, was the valve then opened. Thus allowing the ice block to become dislodged and the rest of the above sequence to take place. The reasons for this particular action, in opening valve A may be described in four ways. The first possibility may be a simple case of curiosity. The valve was closed and froze, and so to check that the valve was still properly operational was then opened. The second possibility is that the correct procedure for such an event was not properly followed. That the correct procedure would have stated that in such an event, the valve should have been kept closed and the problem be properly reported to maintenance. Therefore the valve operator was responsible for the incident that took place. The third possibility is that no official procedure or training had been formulated for such an event. Therefore panic may have ensued resulting in the opening of the valve as a panic decision which can therefore be described as human error. The fourth possibility is that the official procedure was followed properly and that the procedure was critically floored. So the issue of a misunderstanding of such an event or even ignorance of such was present at the time of this crisis. The third possibility seems likely case based on the immediate actions of the individual as he made the decision not to use a phone close to the pressure tank and instead ran approximately 800 meters to the next nearest phone in the fear of causing a detonation of the released vapour cloud. The fourth possibility may also have some bearing in the crisis as prior to this event, the term BLEVE had still not been discovered or at least recorded prior to this. The rest of the sequence should be covered in the full breakdown of the crisis. An important issue to be considered is the overall control displayed by both the emergency and municipal authorities during the crisis. Even though the A7 expressway was closed following the leak, the authorities failed to close the local roads to all traffic, which resulted in a car being within 160 meters of the leaking pressure tank and causing the point of ignition. The failings in the emergency service appear to be more in association with a lack of sufficient training in the order of dealing with industrial crises as it was primarily there to deal with public situations. This resulted in a fatal misunderstanding of how to control such a situation as a leaking pressure tank and resulting fire, due to a lack of prior knowledge which is strengthened in the term BLEVE only being created some 4 to 5 years later Results of the enquiry and official recommendations The official investigation was not fully resolved until 1971 by the Grenoble court case. This may have been due to political reasons or due to the enquiry investigating why the crisis had occurred in the first place. On the principal that such events have happened since the Feyzin disaster, it cannot be assumed that the enquiry was successful in bringing about sufficient change in the safety of pressurised fluid containment. Personal recommendations not covered by the enquiry The first recommendations are for the design and construction of all current and future proposed plants dealing with pressurised fluid containment. The second recommendations are in association with work practices involved on chemical plants in general. Third valve (reserve): A third valve should be installed for the purpose of maintenance and crisis control. To be kept open at all times so as not to induce unnecessary wear and tear on the valve. When maintenance is required to be carried out on the two principal valves, the reserve can be shut to allow for maintenance to be carried out safely. In the event of a crisis similar to that of Feyzin, this valve can be shut as an emergency back up system in minimising fluid leakage from the pressure vessel. ‘Cold' pipe lagging: In order to prevent freezing of any pipes or valves dealing with potentially ‘cold' fluids, lagging should be fitted to all appropriate pipe work and fittings in order to minimise any potential freezing of these systems. Systems not dealing with ‘cold' fluids must be scrutinised independent of this point. Rubber sealed pressure box: High pressure boxes should be installed around all vital valves dealing with pressurised fluids. They should be big enough to allow for ease of working but not to big as to incur any additional hazard to plant running. They should be designed with an environmental rubberised seal so that if a valve begins to leak, the box can but locked shut with an emergency key. Thus minimising any excessive leakage until the situation can be bought under control. See: A third valve (reserve) Deluge system – Control box and master switch: If geographically located near to a natural water source as in the case of the Feyzin site, a deluge system should be installed. It must have pipe work leading to all critical locations around the entirety of the plant. This system must be regularly checked so as to remain in good working order. Each piece of equipment covered by this system must be fitted with a local switch, so in the event of either a leak or a fire, the operator can activate the system in order to prevent escalation of the situation. A central control post should be equipped with a control panel covering all local deluge systems via an override system and also be installed with a master switch that can activate all systems at once. This will allow for the main operator to activate systems in a sequence or all at once should a major sit6uation occur. Communication is vital for this system to work properly, so an emergency phone network should be installed in order to insure proper working of the system. This will only be part of the solution and fire brigades properly trained with dealing with such an event will ensure that the crisis is resolved effectively. Completion of site before going online: It is important that a site should be safe to operate before going online. In the case of Feyzin, the site was still under construction when the accident occurred. Even though construction work may not have been the cause of the incident, neither can the incompletion of the site be assumed to have helped in the scale of the incident itself. So before a plant can go online, all safety systems must be installed. This is not to be confused with site maintenance which is an ongoing process throughout the plants lifetime. Inclusion of full earthworks around site: Only effective if any vapour or fluid is heavier than atmospheric air. May also be affected by environmental conditions, however if all other systems are overwhelmed, then this system is designed to delay the spread of any possible leak. Earth works should be built around all containment vessels and if possible the entire site. So in case of an emergency, any leaking vapour may be contained within the confines of either the leaking vessel or the plant. Fig. 2 illustration of valves which were major cause of accident Preventions To prevent valves from freezing redundant sampling valves and drain valves are installed in series. In the tank involved in this accident, the double valve was already installed. In the LPG tank, the doubling of the valve is a minimum requirement as in the case of a single valve, there is a strong possibility that the valves main body will be cooled, damaging the closing function of the valve by freezing of the moisture in the air. The distance between the two valves must be sufficient to prevent the low temperature of the second valve affecting it. The size of the second valve must be approximately 10mm or less. It is recommended that a distance of 1m or more to be allowed between valve 1 and 2. Counter measures in other facilities around the world * Dike installation: – LPG spreads along the ground as it is heavier than the air. A dike is effective for prevention the spread of LPG. * As a precaution against the BLEVE phenomenon, the tank wall must be cooled by placing water showering facilities above the tank. * The Tank legs must be fire proofed. If the legs are made from iron they can be damaged by fire. * The distance between tanks is kept to prevent the spread of fires. The minimum distance is generally the diameter of the larger tank, however if possible greater distance between tanks is recommended. * Gas detectors are installed within the facility. Conclusions The Feyzin accident was a cause by human error and unsafe conditions. The accident could have been prevented if correct procedures were followed and if the plant was designed with appropriate fail safe systems such as a dike and LPG detectors. This accident lead to a greater understanding of the BLEVE phenomenon and has given future LPG companies the knowledge of its existence which has led to further research into this occurrence. Explosion of LPG tanks cause devastating damage. The companies that store and handle large volumes of LPG must consult with the local government to ensure they can communicate with the local government, inform local inhabitants and relay instructions for how to restrict traffic in case of an LPG leak. It has now become clear that the location for which the plant is located must be thoroughly studied, to ensure there is enough distance between the plant and built up areas. Without doubt future companies designing LPG refinery plants can benefit from the findings of this accident report. Glossary BLEVE – Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Kant s Philosophy Of The State And Analysis Of Historical...

Compromised largely in Kant s ideas, Hegel s systemic philosophy of the State and analysis of historical summit of the body politic provides the foundation of Marxism and alike. Hegel declares the concept of state as superior to the individual. In his book Philosophy of History, he establishes Reason as the rational manifestation of world history which subsists in both natural and spiritual realms; But the Spirit, and the course of its development, is the substance of history (20). Reason as the core of Spirit is the self-contained existence of itself as that which is free and autonomous. Thus the Idea is that world history is Spirit attempting to find its own nature. Hence, the union and harmony of the Idea and human private†¦show more content†¦Hegel presents the State as the epitome of individual freedom in a set of institutions, just like Christ is represented as the epitome of God in Christian history. The more a State is free, insofar it is rational and the highest fo rm of Spirit, the closer it is to the State itself. Marx critiques Hegel’s conception of the State in his book Capital as â€Å"standing on its head† (302). He refutes the claim that the state sustains civil society; rather, Marx stresses, it is the most natural interdependent bond of the family and civil society which are the necessary essence of the state. His assertion that â€Å"...the ideal is nothing else than the material world reflected by the human mind, and translated into forms of thought† (301) reestablishes Hegel’s idealist approach. The state is incapable of maintaining itself without social consciousness produced by production, which Marx takes to be the legal, political, and intellectual structure of society. Hence it is the economic life of free mankind in civil society which manifests the state. Democracy is the only true harmony of the particular and the general. Marx explains that â€Å"In democracy, the constitution, the law, the state itself, insofar as it is a political constitution, is only the self-determination of the people, and a particular content of the people† (21). Marx explains that until now the political constitution has been the religious

I Watched It Die By Teresa Sandoval - 889 Words

She watched it die. At the top of her apartment complex, above families and lovers, perched a figure on the ledge of the rooftop. It stood above layers of humanity in that complex, liveliness indicated by the lights shining through the different curtains and blinds covering most of the windows of the complex. The figure stepped closer to the edge, its head turned to Teresa Sandoval. The silhouette reminded her of a woman: the harsh wind pulled back its hair and a sheet cascaded down the building. The smell of red wine and smoke stung her eyes. Teresa stood underneath the one working streetlight on the entire street: all the other lights flickered. As the figure moved closer to the edge, the lights flickered even more. The buzzing grew louder. Teresa’s cheeks were red from the alcohol she had downed only fifteen minutes earlier and the cold wind slapping against her cheeks. She leaned against the pole, her burning eyes still fixed on the shadow as it halted right up to the ledge. She glanced quickly at the pavement in front of her then right up to the figure. The moon shone brightly behind the figure, long black hair illuminated. As it walked closer, the lights behind the windows at the feet of the figure were killed. She felt like she was at a shootout with an unknown enemy. She pretended the sweat slicking her neck was from the hot desert air, that her eyes were stinging from the sand flying to her face. Teresa scratched her wrist, a habit of hers when nerves consume